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Word Biblical Commentary, Volume 52A: Revelation 1–5 is unavailable, but you can change that!

An advocate of source criticism and an expert in early Christian prophecy, David Aune examines the full range of secular and biblical literature in search of possible sources for the striking literary devices in Revelation—over three volumes and more than 1,500 pages. His mastery of an incredibly broad range of ancient writings enables him to compare every pericope of Revelation to the literary...

knowledge” (4Q405 19ABCD 4, “[sp]irits of the knowledge of truth and righteousness;” 4Q405 17:3, “spirits of knowledge and understanding”). Specifically the phrase רוחות אלוהים, rûḥôt ĕlôhîm “spirits of God,” is found in 4Q403 1 i 43; 1 ii 8, 9; 4Q404 5:5; 4Q405 6:7; 4Q405 20 ii 21–22 11; 4Q405 23 i 9–10; 4QShirShabb 3–4:4; see Newsom, Songs, 25, passim). 4Q403 1 ii 9 reads “spirits of God,shapes of flaming fire” (Newsom, Songs, 229). Again, 4Q405 23 i 8–9 indicates that “holy angels” and “spirits
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